Key Concepts:
Normal Flora of the human body
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Koch's postulates

Chapter 14 -
I.  Introduction to pathogenesis and disease
    A. Some terms:
        1.  Pathology
        2.  Etiology
        3.  Pathogenesis
        4.  Pathogen
        5.  Infection
        6.  Disease

II.  Normal Flora of the Human Body
    A.  Purpose of the Normal Flora
    B.  The Human-microbe ecosystem
        1.  Commensalism
        2. Mutualism
        3.  Parasitism
    C.  Opportunitistic Pathogens
 
III.  Etiology of Disease: Koch's postulates
    A.  Purpose - to determine the cause of a specific disease.
    B.  Postulates
        1.  Same microorganism must be isolated in every case of the disease.
        2.  Pathogen must be isolated form diseased host and grown in pure culture.
        3.  Pathogen from pure culture must be used to inoculate a healthy, susceptible host and cause
                the same disease.
        4.  The same pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal.
   C.  Limitations of Koch's postulates
        1.  Organisms difficult to culture
        2.  Limited host range of pathogen
        3.  Some pathogens may cause more than one disease.

Chapter 15 -
I. Portals of Entry
    A.  Mucous membranes
        1.  Respiratory tract
        2.  Gastrointestinal tract
        3.  Genitourinary tract
        4. Conjuntiva

    B. Skin
        1.  parenteral route - punctures to skin allow microbes to be deposited under skin or in tissues.

II.  Pathogenesis
    A.  Depends on:
        1. Portal of Entry
        2.  Number of microbes
        3.  Adherence of microbe to host tissues
             a.  adhesins and receptor interactions
        4.  Ability to evade host defenses
            a.  capsules
        5.  Penetration into host cells
        6.  Host cell damage - mainly caused by toxin production
            a.  Exotoxins
            b.  Endotoxins