Each member of a team will write his or her own report. Your report must be presented to me in a hard-copy format. No electronic copies will be accepted. The report needs to be typed and double spaced. Tables and graphs must be done electronically with a program such as Excel. All chemical structures must be drawn with ChemDraw. Please obey all of the rules
of English grammar. Run spell and grammar check. Try to be concise and exact.
Your lab report must include all of the following to be complete:
Your Name, your partners name and the Date the report is submitted
The Title of the Experiment
Abstract (summary not to exceed three sentences) - An abstract is usually written after the report has been constructed, as it is a summary of the report, not a summary of the experiment.
Data in Tabular Form - Make tables of the following:
1. corrected nD20 which you observed (simple, fractional #1, fractional #2)
2. % ethanol (calculated from the formula and the refractive index measurements) versus volume of distillate (simple, fractional #1, fractional #2, 0ml -->10ml --> etc.)
3. % butanol (from refractive index calculation - use difference from 100%, e.g. 36% ethanol = 64% butanol) versus volume of distillate (simple, fractional #1, fractional #2; 0ml --> 10ml --> etc.)
4. boiling point versus volume of distillate (simple, fractional #1, fractional #2 from 2ml readings)
5. % butanol (from the gc traces - butanol is the second peak in the g.c.traces, therefore the area of the second peak over the sum of the area of both peaks times 100 equals the % butanol) versus volume of distillate (simple, fractional #1, fractional #2; 0ml --> 10ml --> etc.)
Discussion Section (not to exceed 100 words)
In the discussion section, you should attempt to convince the reader that your data supports the contention that fractional gives superior results over simple distillation. Interpret your data and graphs to support your argument. Was the exercise a success? What are the implications of your data?
Attach your carefully labeled graphs to the back of your report with a staple. There should be TWO graphs. One of them is a plot of the temperature versus the volume of distillate, with the temperature on the y-axis and the volume on the x-axis (on this graph there will be three curves: one for simple, one for fractional #1 and one for fractional #2). The second graph is a plot of the % butanol versus the volume of distillate, with the % butanol on the y-axis and the volume on the x-axis. On this graph there will be six curves since you have calculated the % by both g.c. and refractive index, and again one set comes from simple, one from fractional #1 and one from fractional #2. Label these clearly so it is easy to see which data corresponds to which curve.
Note on Graphs - Make sure your graphs utilized the full extent of the page, and make sure that your x- and y-axes are appropriate for the data. For example if your temperature is from 70-120oC, make sure your y-axis has a range (top to bottom) that is close to that range. Don't show that data (70-120oC) on a graph with a y-axis that goes from 0-150oC. Make sure that each curve is clearly labeled so one can tell at a glance if the data is for simple, fractional #1 or fractional #2, and whether that data has been analyzed by gc or refractive index.
In addition to this report make sure to complete your lab notebook conclusion. The report needs to be typed and double spaced. All chemical structures must be drawn with ChemDraw. Please obey all of the rules of English grammar. Try to be concise and exact.
Your lab report must include all of the following to be complete:
Your Name and Date
The Title of the Experiment and Your Unknown Number (zero credit without your unknown number)
Abstract (summary not to exceed three sentences)
Data - Make sure you have the following information.
1. Corrected nD20 that you observed.
2. Calculation of the units of unsaturation.
3. IR spectrum for your unknown - Point to important peaks with an arrow and indicate the functional group or particular structural feature indicated.
4. 13C NMR spectrum for your unknown - Draw the structure on your NMR spectrum. With arrows, associate the signals with the structural feature in your structure.
5. IR spectrum downloaded from the Spectral Data Base Systems website.
6. 13C NMR spectrum downloaded from the Spectral Data Base Systems website.
Discussion Section (not to exceed 150 words) - Be sure to write a convincing conclusion on how you identified your unknown. Compare your spectral data with your proposed structure and your refractive index with that listed in the Chemfinder or Aldrich websites. Comment on specific absorptions in the IR and 13C NMR spectra that enable you to correctly determine your structure.
Hazards Section (not to exceed 50 words) - After checking online at the UVM MSDS or Aldrich websites, report on the hazards associated with your unknown.
In addition to this report make sure to complete your lab notebook conclusion. The report needs to be typed and double spaced. All chemical structures must be drawn with ChemDraw. Please obey all of the rules of English grammar. Try to be concise and exact.
Your lab report must include all of the following to be complete:
Your Name and Date
The Title of the Experiment and Your Unknown Number (zero credit without your unknown number)
Abstract (summary not to exceed one paragraph)
Data - Make sure you have the following information.
1. Clearly state, using examples, each solubility rule in 25 words of less. Again, that is 25 words for each rule.
2. Show a chemical equation for sets numbered 4 and 5. Sets 4 and 5 deal with the ionization of acids in base, and bases in acid. Using the structures of the reagents that are given on page 19, show a chemical equation for each acid and base reaction that you observed (four tests for salicylic acid and two tests for diisobutylamine). For example, if I were to draw a chemical equation for the reaction of a dialkylamine with benzoic acid, I would use the analogy of NH3 with HCl. Notice the similarity in structure between ammonia and a dialkylamine like diisopropyl amine, and between hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid. Take a look at the chemical equations describing our next experiment on page 22 of your lab manual. Here you can see an example of salicylic acid's neutralization. For your drawings you are to use ChemDraw. When you go to the ChemDraw link, select download and proceed to registration, then return to complete the download.
3) Answer the questions on page 21 of your lab manual. Limit each answer to 50 words or less.
4) In 100 words or less, give your unknown number (zero credit without your unknown number) and describe how you identified your unknown TLC mixture. As part of your explanation, show an example drawing of a TLC plate, which was a compelling piece of information for you.